Background: A new approach targeting aeroallergen sensing in the early events of mucosal immunity could have greater benefit. The CSF1‐CSF1R pathway has a critical role in trafficking allergens to regional lymph nodes through activating dendritic cells. Intervention in this pathway could prevent allergen sensitization and subsequent Th2 allergic inflammation.

Background: Urticaria is a frequent skin condition, but reliable prevalence estimates from population studies particularly of the chronic form are scarce.The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate and summarize the prevalence of chronic urticaria by evaluating population‐based studies worldwide.

Aggravation of asthmatic inflammation by chlorine exposure via innate lymphoid cells and CD11cintermediate macrophages

Nasal Allergen Challenge and Environmental Exposure Chamber Challenge: A Randomized Trial Comparing Clinical and Biological Responses to Cat Allergen

Ara h 2 specific-IgE (sIgE) is to date the best serologic marker to diagnose peanut allergy. Ara h 6 shares ～60% sequence identity and multiple epitopes with Ara h 2.

Background: Maternal pre-postnatal psychosocial distress increases the risk for childhood allergic disease. This may occur through a host immunity pathway that involves intestinal secretory Immuno-globulin A(sIgA). Experimental animal models show changes in the gut microbiome and immunity of offspring when exposed to direct or prenatal maternal stress, but little is known in humans.

Background: An investigator‐driven, real‐life follow‐up study of adult‐onset steroid‐na?ve, newly diagnosed asthma (162 patients) to investigate the treatment results over the 25‐year course of the disease and whether the first treatment year's forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) predicts the long‐term prognosis.

The IgE-binding B-cell epitopes of two similar soybean glycinin subunits (Gly m 6) are described. 　 ? Three-dimensional modeling of the glycinin hexamers located most epitopes on the exposed surfaces. 　 ? Comparison with other plant 11S storage protein sequences revealed one dominant and several shared epitopes. 　 ? Common epitope hot spots are often shared between plant storage proteins from diverse families.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are least abundant, tightly regulated and IgE producing B cells are rare. The cellular origin and evolution of IgE responses are poorly understood.

Background: The prevention of food allergy is a key priority for reducing the burden of allergic disease. Environmental exposures modulate the risk of developing food allergy and some of this may be mediated by the infants’ developing microbiome. However, the role of potentially protective environmental exposures, such as pet ownership, is largely uninvestigated with respect to food allergy.

The clinical presentation of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) in children varies. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical manifestations of CMPA in young children who visited for evaluation of iron deficiency anemia (IDA).

Increasing data suggest that analysis of IgE to peanut components can be clinically helpful and possibly more accurate than IgE to whole peanut. Not all studies examining this topic, however, have used prospective samples, multiple components, and peanut challenges.

Oral immunotherapy (OIT) can successfully desensitize many peanut allergic subjects, but clinical tolerance diminishes over time upon discontinuation, or low dose maintenance, of peanut. Therefore, in order to improve the efficacy and sustainability of such therapy, we sought to identify biomarkers and clinical tools that can predict therapeutic outcomes and monitor treatment responses.

The extensive use of allergen molecules in birth cohort studies revealed that atopic sensitization is a sequential IgE response to distinct non–cross-reacting molecules from the same allergenic source (ie, molecular spreading), starting with an initiator molecule. This phenomenon reaches different degrees of progression (monomolecular, oligomolecular, and polymolecular) according to the individual atopic propensity and allergen exposure, thus producing an extreme heterogeneity of IgE sensitization profiles in patient populations. In patients with allergic rhinitis, the broader the IgE molecular sensitization profile, the greater is the risk of asthma and other allergic comorbidities, such as oral allergy syndrome.

Peanut allergy is one of the most common, severe, and usually lifelong food allergies, and accurate diagnosis is essential.1x1Sicherer, S.H. and Sampson, H.A. Peanut allergy: emerging concepts and approaches for an apparent epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: 491–503

More than 400 occupational sensitizers are identified, but only a limited number of them are characterized on the molecular level.Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy is an excellent model for improving sIgE measurement with recombinant major allergen.IgE-sensitization profile in patients with baker’s asthma showed great inter-individual variation.For diagnosis of baker’s asthma extract-based diagnostic is still recommended.Increasing the knowledge of occupational allergens and implement and evaluate standardized tools in clinical practice is necessary.

Corren et al. (Sept. 22 issue)1 report that treatment with lebrikizumab was associated with improved lung function in patients with asthma, and that improvement wasgreater in patients with high pretreatment levels of serum periostin or of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO). The authors justifiably emphasize periostin because of its lower intra-patient variability, but in doing so, they raise an important question: what is the relationship between periostin and FENO at baseline in individual patients?

Background: Biomarkers, preferably noninvasive, that predict asthma inception in children are lacking. Objective: Little is known about biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in early life in relation to asthma inception. We evaluated aeroallergen sensitization, peripheral blood eosinophils, and serum periostin as potential biomarkers of asthma in children.

Background: Chronic ocular allergic diseases such as vernal kerato conjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic kerato conjunctivitis (AKC) are accompanied by serious comorbidities; however, the underlying pathogenesis remains obscure. Furthermore, diagnosing conjunctival lesions in patients with atopic dermatitis and estimating the severity in AKC are important for the treatment of ocular allergic diseases.

Background: There have been few studies conducted on the efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with allergen extracts of fungi compared with other allergen extracts, and there are no data on the major allergen Alt a 1 of the fungus Alternaria alternata.