Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a type 2-mediated inflammatory disease associated with significant clinical, social, and economic burdens and high unmet therapeutic need. Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) subunit, demonstrated efficacy and acceptable safety in CRSwNP and other type 2 diseases (eg, atopic dermatitis and asthma). We now report the local effects of dupilumab on type 2 inflammatory biomarkers in nasal secretions and nasal polyp tissues of patients with CRSwNP in a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

Background: Obesity associated with various complications has increased worldwide. Body weight gain alters lipid metabolites (especially sphingolipids) contributing to obesity-induced inflammation. However, the significance of the metabolites in the development of obese asthma is not yet clear.

Background: Allergic disease is a recognized global epidemic and a significant cause of ill health and poor quality of life. The prevalence of pollen allergy is high throughout the world, and pollen exposure itself plays a role in emergency department presentations and hospitalizations for asthma. Lung function and airway inflammation are important measures of asthma activity and control.

Abstract:The sinonasal microbiome remains poorly defined, with our current knowledge based on a few cohort studies whose findings are inconsistent. Furthermore, the variability of the sinus microbiome across geographical divides remains unexplored.

Abstract:Background: Successful prevention of food allergy requires the identification of the factors adversely affecting the capacity to develop oral tolerance to food antigen in early life.

Abstract: Background: Artemisia annua is an important autumnal pollen allergen for seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) in northern China. To date, no study has investigated allergen immunotherapy with A annua. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms underlying A annua-sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT).

Background: Early‐life wheezing‐associated respiratory infection with human rhinovirus (RV) is associated with asthma development. RV infection of 6‐day‐old immature mice causes mucous metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness which is associated with the expansion of IL‐13‐producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and dependent on IL‐25 and IL‐33. We examined regulation of this asthma‐like phenotype by IL‐1β.

Background: Progranulin (PGRN), mainly produced by immune and epithelial cells, has been known to be involved in the development of various inflammatory diseases. However, the function of PGRN in allergic airway inflammation has not been clearly elucidated, we investigated the role of PGRN in allergic airway inflammation.

Background: Studies on early puberty and incident asthma have reported inconsistent results and are mainly performed in females. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the causal relationship between pubertal maturation and asthma through Mendelian randomization (MR) and explored the joint effect of overweightness and early pubertal maturation on asthma.

Background: A new approach targeting aeroallergen sensing in the early events of mucosal immunity could have greater benefit. The CSF1‐CSF1R pathway has a critical role in trafficking allergens to regional lymph nodes through activating dendritic cells. Intervention in this pathway could prevent allergen sensitization and subsequent Th2 allergic inflammation.

Aggravation of asthmatic inflammation by chlorine exposure via innate lymphoid cells and CD11cintermediate macrophages

Background: Maternal pre-postnatal psychosocial distress increases the risk for childhood allergic disease. This may occur through a host immunity pathway that involves intestinal secretory Immuno-globulin A(sIgA). Experimental animal models show changes in the gut microbiome and immunity of offspring when exposed to direct or prenatal maternal stress, but little is known in humans.

Background: An investigator‐driven, real‐life follow‐up study of adult‐onset steroid‐na?ve, newly diagnosed asthma (162 patients) to investigate the treatment results over the 25‐year course of the disease and whether the first treatment year's forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) predicts the long‐term prognosis.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are least abundant, tightly regulated and IgE producing B cells are rare. The cellular origin and evolution of IgE responses are poorly understood.

Background: The prevention of food allergy is a key priority for reducing the burden of allergic disease. Environmental exposures modulate the risk of developing food allergy and some of this may be mediated by the infants’ developing microbiome. However, the role of potentially protective environmental exposures, such as pet ownership, is largely uninvestigated with respect to food allergy.

The clinical presentation of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) in children varies. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical manifestations of CMPA in young children who visited for evaluation of iron deficiency anemia (IDA).

Background: Biomarkers, preferably noninvasive, that predict asthma inception in children are lacking. Objective: Little is known about biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in early life in relation to asthma inception. We evaluated aeroallergen sensitization, peripheral blood eosinophils, and serum periostin as potential biomarkers of asthma in children.

Background: Chronic ocular allergic diseases such as vernal kerato conjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic kerato conjunctivitis (AKC) are accompanied by serious comorbidities; however, the underlying pathogenesis remains obscure. Furthermore, diagnosing conjunctival lesions in patients with atopic dermatitis and estimating the severity in AKC are important for the treatment of ocular allergic diseases.

Allergic sensitization, most notably to perennial aeroallergens, has been defined as a pivotal risk factor for the development of asthma. Recently, it has become evident that both the timing of allergic sensitization and the quantity of sensitization are impor-tant prognostic indicators. Simpson et al have identified an atopy phenotype in children they termed multiple early sensitization. In those children sensitized to multiple aeroallergens at an early age, Simpson et al reported a remarkable increase in risk for asthma inception, severe exacerbations leading to hospitalization, and impaired lung function. This link between early-life sensitization to multiple allergens and increased asthma risk has been replicated in additional cohort studies.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma are common atopic disorders of complex etiology. The frequently observed atopic march from early AD to asthma, allergic rhinitis, or both later in life and the extensive comorbidity of atopic disorders suggest common causal mechanisms in addition to distinct ones. Indeed, both disease-specific and shared genomic regions exist for atopic disorders. Their prevalence also varies among races; for example, AD and asthma have a higher prevalence in African Americans when compared with European Americans.